
- Nullish coalescing operator (??) - JavaScript | MDN- Aug 26, 2025 · The nullish coalescing (??) operator is a logical operator that returns its right-hand side operand when its left-hand side operand is null or undefined, and otherwise returns its left … 
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- JavaScript - Wikipedia- However, the term "Vanilla JS" was coined for websites not using any libraries or frameworks at all, instead relying entirely on standard JavaScript functionality. 
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- JavaScript Tutorial - GeeksforGeeks- Sep 10, 2025 · JavaScript is a programming language used to create dynamic content for websites. It is a lightweight, cross-platform, and single-threaded programming language. It's … 
- Learn JavaScript for Beginners – JS Basics Handbook- Jul 6, 2023 · A server-side environment named Node.js was released in 2009, allowing JavaScript to run on the server side like PHP, Java, Python, Ruby, and many more. It also enabled devs … 
- JavaScript - MDN Web Docs- Oct 2, 2025 · JavaScript (JS) is a lightweight interpreted (or just-in-time compiled) programming language with first-class functions. While it is most well-known as the scripting language for … 
- Learn JavaScript - web.dev- An in-depth course on the basics of JavaScript. 
- An introduction - The Modern JavaScript Tutorial- About the JavaScript language and the environment to develop with it.